Wines are fortified for several reasons, each serving a specific purpose. Fortification is the process of adding a grape spirit to wine during or after fermentation. This technique has been used for centuries and is still widely practiced today.
1. Increasing Alcohol Content: One of the main reasons for fortifying wine is to increase its alcohol content. By adding a grape spirit, usually brandy, the alcohol percentage of the wine can be raised significantly. This is particularly important in regions where grapes may not fully ripen due to cooler climates or shorter growing seasons. Fortifying the wine allows winemakers to achieve a higher alcohol level, resulting in a more balanced and fuller-bodied wine.
2. Halting Fermentation: In some cases, winemakers choose to fortify a wine to halt fermentation. This is done by adding a grape spirit before all the sugar has been converted into alcohol, leaving residual sugar in the wine. This process is commonly used in the production of sweet wines, such as Port or Sherry. The addition of the spirit stops the fermentation process, preserving the natural sweetness of the grapes and creating a luscious, dessert-style wine.
3. Preservation and Shelf Life: Fortification also helps to extend the shelf life of wines. The addition of a grape spirit raises the alcohol level, which acts as a natural preservative and inhibits the growth of bacteria or spoilage organisms. This is particularly important for wines that are intended to age for long periods, as the higher alcohol content helps to maintain the wine's integrity and prevent oxidation.
4. Flavor Enhancement: Fortification can also enhance the flavor profile of wines. The addition of a grape spirit can add complexity, depth, and richness to the wine. The brandy used for fortification may contribute its own unique flavors and aromas, further complementing the characteristics of the base wine. This is evident in fortified wines like Madeira, where the distinctive flavors of the fortified spirit are integral to the wine's overall flavor profile.
5. Traditional and Cultural Significance: Fortified wines have a long history and cultural significance in many regions around the world. They are often associated with specific traditions, customs, and celebrations. For example, Port wine is deeply ingrained in the culture of Portugal, where it is enjoyed as an aperitif or dessert wine. The fortified wines of Spain, such as Sherry and Vermouth, are also deeply rooted in local traditions and gastronomy.
It's important to note that fortification is not used in every wine production. Many wines are made without fortification, allowing the natural fermentation process to run its course without any additional intervention. However, for certain styles of wine, fortification provides a range of benefits, from increasing alcohol content to enhancing flavor and extending shelf life. Ultimately, the decision to fortify a wine is a winemaker's choice, based on their desired style, regional influences, and winemaking traditions.