As an expert sommelier and brewer, I can confidently say that there are five key requirements for a whiskey to be considered bourbon. These requirements ensure that the spirit meets the standards and characteristics that define bourbon as a unique and distinct type of whiskey.
1. Mash Composition: The first requirement is that bourbon must be produced from a mash containing at least 51% corn. However, it is worth noting that most bourbon recipes typically have a higher corn content, usually around 70%. The remaining percentage is made up of other grains such as rye and malted barley, which contribute to the flavor profile and complexity of the bourbon.
2. Distillation Process: Bourbon must be distilled to no more than 160 proof, or 80% alcohol by volume (ABV). This means that the spirit retains a significant amount of its original flavors and characteristics, as higher proof distillations can strip away some of these desirable attributes. Additionally, bourbon must be entered into the barrel for aging at no more than 125 proof, or 62.5% ABV.
3. Aging in New Charred Oak Barrels: Another requirement for bourbon is that it must be aged in new charred oak barrels. These barrels impart distinct flavors and aromas to the whiskey, such as vanilla, caramel, and oak. Unlike some other types of whiskey, bourbon cannot be aged in used or previously-filled barrels. The aging process in these barrels also contributes to the smoothness and complexity of the final product.
4. Aging Period: To be considered bourbon, the whiskey must be aged in these new charred oak barrels for a minimum of two years. This aging period allows the flavors and characteristics of the whiskey to develop and mature over time. However, it is important to note that there is no maximum aging requirement for bourbon, and many bourbons are aged for much longer periods, resulting in richer and more nuanced flavors.
5. Bottling Strength: The final requirement for bourbon is that it must be bottled at no less than 80 proof, or 40% ABV. This ensures that the whiskey maintains a certain level of flavor and intensity, as dilution with water can significantly alter the taste of the spirit. However, it is common for bourbons to be bottled at higher proofs, ranging from 90 to over 120 proof, to cater to different preferences and palates.
The five requirements for bourbon are the mash composition, distillation process, aging in new charred oak barrels, aging period of at least two years, and bottling strength of no less than 80 proof. These requirements, along with the skill and expertise of the distiller, result in the creation of a unique and beloved spirit that is cherished by bourbon enthusiasts worldwide.